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Nuclear War

The most likely near-term route to global catastrophe is an escalating nuclear exchange triggered by miscalculation among major powers. Arms-control regimes have weakened, arsenals are being modernized, hypersonic and space-based systems compress warning time, and AI-assisted targeting raises the risk of false alarms or automated escalation. Active flashpoints—Russia-NATO, China-Taiwan-US, India-Pakistan, North Korea, and the Middle East—create multiple paths from conventional conflict to nuclear first use.

A limited regional detonation could plausibly draw in allies, prompt retaliation, and disrupt command systems under fear of decapitation. Even a “small” nuclear war could inject soot into the stratosphere, causing nuclear winter, crop failure, famine, infrastructure breakdown, and mass mortality far beyond the blast zones. Climate change is more certain but slower and partly adaptive; nuclear war combines rising geopolitical tension with a very short fuse, making it the single most probable end-of-world scenario as of 2026.